As long as there have been people producing music, the muses of the past have provided them with inspiration. This is also true for video games, granted sometimes the line between inspiration and outright plagiarism was crossed. The original inspiration for this article came as the result of the similarities and references of the music in the game Earthbound and American popular music. Set in a peculiar representation of American and Western culture, the game has close to three hours of soundtrack that is inspired by American and English popular music from the previous decades. A lot of references come from The Beatles, and even the character naming screen hosts a hidden sample of the intro to Monty Python. If you listen closely to the recording, you can tell that the sample that plays in the background throughout Your Name Please actually the Monty Python intro being sampled and not just the song from the intro; called The Liberty Bell March.
There are plenty other examples of music references in video games. I wanted to make this article a little different than the other articles and videos out there and point out similarities I have found, rather than copy the hundreds of webpages and Youtube videos out there. For example, I am under the impression that the Earthbound song Humeresque of a Little Dog samples Arlo Guthrie's Alice's Resturant. Have a listen; comment below and tell me what you think.
Black Sabbath's The Mob Rules / Maximum Carnage on the SNES.
Ok, so this one is outright plagiarism, the song is copied note for note, including the guitar solo.It sounds like the programmers wanted The Mob Rules to be the backing track to this stage and did the best they could. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oq04uFYUi0E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhmIa0XYTvQ
Ys IV / Yngwie Malmsteen - Far Beyond The Sun
When I showed my friends this similarity and I told them that I liked the Ys music, one of them told me that if I liked that bullshit music I should just listen to Yngwie Malmsteen. So I did, and that's how I came across this similarity. I wouldn't be surprised if there isn't a lot more similarities between the what they Falcom in-house band recorded and Yngwie Malmsteen. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=572Dq97s6kA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAsHFSrh0i8
Koji Kondo who has done music for the Zelda series and Punchout has cited Deep Purple as an influence on his work, which brings us to the next two examples:
Finally, here's some music from Road Rash III. It doesn't sample anything in particular as far as I know. It does sound like Motohead though, which means it kicks ass.
The Famicom Disk System was a first-party peripheral released for the
Nintendo Famicom which would let Japanese consumers plays their Famicom games on propriety magnetic disks
instead of chip-based cartridges. This article explores why such technology was developed and retailed, as well as why it never saw a release outside of the Japanese market. Despite the obscure history of the FDS to us
westerners, it was released in Japan in 1986 where the peripheral had over 50%
market
penetration and where Famicom disk kiosks were not fully discontinued until 2003. Nintendo continued to service disk systems until October 2007. By the time I had finished this article and my research on this topic, I ended up with more questions than I had answers to in regards to this peripheral.
In the nineties Japanese Nintendo console peripherals were borderline urban legends in the US. The NES, SNES, and N64 all had
add-on peripherals that were released in Japan but never in the US. I am under the impression that even a test release of a NES modem in Minnesota never actually saw the light of day for two reasons. First, with a supposed test release of 10,000 units one would expect to see units turn up for sale every once in a while on the Internet, or show up at swap meets; even if they were to be recalled once the market test was over. Second, all images of the modem look like they were taken from a promotional VHS tape, leading me to believe the modem was never even released. This sort of muddled history has led to a lot of fascination, speculation, and rumors about what all those expansion slots under our Nintendo consoles were for!
For the record, the Famicom Disk System plugs into the console port of the system, there is no expansion port on the bottom of a Famicom. However, the Famicom DOES has a 15-pin port on the front edge of the console. Because the console's two default controllers were not removable like the NES, peripheral devices had to be attached through this expansion port, rather than through a controller port as on the NES. This was commonly used for third party controllers, usually as a substitute for the built-in controllers, but sometimes also as a 3rd and
4th player.
The biggest contributor
to the release of the FDS might have been the chip shortage of 1988. In
1986 there was a semiconductor trade
pact between the US and Japan. While the pact was aimed at helping U.S.
chip makers compete with Japan, at the insistence of the US (I was not able to find WHY Japan accepted this deal), Japan agreed to cut back on worldwide chip exportation and also gave up a twenty percent portion of their worldwide market share. The US government anticipated that this would give US chip makers a chance to grab a bigger piece of worldwide chip production, but instead American industries were unable to fulfill the twenty percent void left by the new agreement. The plan was an economic failure, and anticipating the political situation, the release of the FDS may have
been a move by Nintendo to continue to produce games in Japan through
the shortage. Disks were cheap, re-writable, inexpensive especially compared to the price of chips, and were in ready supply.
Early on, the chip shortage also lead me into a contradiction
while writing this article. Nintendo may have simply played up the chip shortage to their advantage in order to sell a new hardware peripheral to consumers. In US markets, the release of Super Mario Bro. 2 and Zelda II: The Adventure of Link coincided with the chip shortage. A limited number of the two games were available during the '88 holiday season, and as a result, it created a bit of a media buzz. Even today, Nintendo is renowned for under supplying
retailers in their orders. Besides this being acknowledged as a business practice in the 2014 book Console Wars, but go ahead and ask the mom and pop retailer in
your town about their Nintendo orders with their distributor. Even at the time of this article, collectors are scrambling to find the NES Mini. And remember the Amiibo shortage before that? This practice of
under supplying goes all the way back to the NES and Famicom.While the chip
shortage certainly was real, Nintendo used it as leverage to create demand, and hype around their intellectual property while simultaneously avoiding flooding the market with too much product; a lesson learned from Atari and the video game market crash in 1983.
The
diskettes themselves allowed for 128KB of storage, 64KB on each side, which was twice of the typical
cartridge at the time. As the diskettes were re-writable, it was possible for the first time ever to actually save your home console games without a password system. Battery backed memory did not exist until the 1987 U.S. release of The Legend of Zelda. Before that, ASCII, the creators of the Wizardry series, actually made an accessory called The Turbofile which was a hard drive which plugged into the Famicom's
controller expansion port, and could save games and characters' progress to. It also allowed players to
import their characters into sequels of the Wizardy games.
The FDS also came with a RAM expansion cart which
also included an extra sound channel and a second graphics processor
for scaling, rotation, and compression; which only a few un-noteworthy games used unfortunately. The second graphics processor was technically
impressive for the Famicom, but in the end was not implemented in any standout titles. Despite the RAM adapter being advertised as a memory expansion to consumers, that was a bit misleading. Game data would be read from the disk just like a floppy disk, stored on the expansion RAM, where it was then read by the Famicom. So yes, the original Zelda in Japan had loading screens. In a Youtube video, translator Clyde "Tomamto" Mandolyn, said that this is an aspect of classic Nintendo that Japanese gamers are nostalgic for. They say that the clicking of the FDS when a dungeon in Zelda was loading was like the sounds of stepping down the steps into the dungeon.
In 1986 a new FDS game out of the package cost about $14, and about $3
at a disk kiosk. In comparison a new NES game in 1987 in America could
cost up to $60 or even more for new titles, with bargain bin games in
the $20 to $30 range! The impermanent state of the media, as well as the
reduction in cost of physical hardware, manuals, and logistics meant a
reduced cost for consumers. Another aspect of the FDS experience were disk kiosk machines which would allow you to write, and overwrite your games onto the proprietary Nintendo diskettes. Because the disks were two sided you could have a 64KB game on each side of the diskette. I can't help but think that, in a way, the FDS is comparable to the rental industry in the US. Nintendo vehemently battled the legality of the rental system. In Japan the rental industry in terms of media is illegal. The Gaming Historian has the best writeup on that part of Nintendo's history.
The FDS was released in February of 1986 with The Legend of Zelda as one of the launch
titles. Less than a year later, in January
of 1987, The Adventures of Link was released for the FDS. A Famicom
cartridge version of The Legend of Zelda in Japan would not be released until 1994, right before the release of A Link To The Past for the Super Nintendo. In comparison,
copies of LoZ did not come into North America until around August 1987 and
Zelda II in December of 1988. This delayed
release date was beneficial for the US version of the game, there are major regional improvements between the Japanese and North American versions of Zelda II. The FDS added an extra sound channel, although preference is simply a matter of taste and familiarity. Japanese players, for example, have said that the Zelda Theme music just doesn't sound the same without its iconic bells.
The second reason that the disk
system was released may have been due to the hardware architecture of the
NES and Famicom. To a certain extent, The
NES and Famicom were very similar to the Commodore 64. And for clarification, the Famicom and Nintendo Entertainment System are the same in terms of internal hardware outside of the pin connectors, as far as
I know. The only exception I can think of is that European consoles often had slower processor clock
speed in order to accommodate the slower refresh rate of PAL
television set. The NES CPU is a Ricoh 2A03 MOS 6502 core, a slightly older model than the Commodore 64's CPU the MOS 6510, the NES's CPU is identical to the CPU in the Commodore Vic-20, released before the C64. Here in the States, most of the popular home computers and game
machines used a 6502 or some variant of it. Which, incidentally, was
designed by a Commodore subsidiary.
This is also why, for example, so many bad
games were released for the NES. Commodore Games game like Winter Games,
Karate Champ, Defender of The Crown, were often quickly ported to the NES by publishers; often
terribly. And in some cases they aren't necessarily bad games, just bad ports of Commodore games! The C64 had over 2000 games published for it. If there is a particular NES game that haunted your childhood, check that list to see if it's on there.
While Japan had the Family Computer, we had the
Entertainment System. The
simplest explanation as to the difference was marketing. Nintendo,
entering the home console market in the U.S. after the video game crash
had to be very particular in marketing their new system. Indeed, early prototypes and patents of the NES were a personal computer complete with a keyboard and cassette data recorder. As a result of the system being the Family Computer in Japan, it may
have been Nintendo's intention all along to release a
disk peripheral for their system. And Nintendo did in fact eventually release in Japan a
keyboard, BASIC cartridge for the system, as well as the cassette deck for
saving levels in "programmable games" such as Excitebike and Wrecking
Crew. The save feature was notorious for not doing anything in the U.S. releases. Nevertheless cassettes were slower than diskette and less reliable. So while cassettes were probably fine for programming hobbyists and making your own courses in Excitebike, the average consumer did not have much interest in this component of the Famicom.
Releasing a watered down computer with the promise of expansions released down the line was a way to release new technology at an affordable cost. By stripping down the Commodore architecture and building a small console Nintendo was able to get video games back into living rooms across America. By offering BASIC for the Famicom, Nintendo was dipping their toes in the hobbiest market without taking much of a risk. Sony did something similar with the Playstation 2 in 2009, offering a Linux development kit for their system.
As mentioned earlier, even though the Disk System sits under the Famicom, there is no
underside expansion port like the NES. The Famicom, however, does have a
fifteen pin expansion port at the front of the console for third party
controllers and accessories, such as the aforementioned ACSII Turbo
File. The Famicom Light
Gun for example, used this port. It is possible to get the disk system working on
a toploading NES, or a toaster NES if you open it up to get access to
the pin connectors.
A Youtube user by the name of Chykn80 demonstrated, that you could use the expansion port at the bottom of the NES to run the Famicom BASIC cart with the Famicom keyboard! Some of the pins
that the FDS uses in the Famicom were relocated to the expansion port
of the NES as well. This Wiki page has mapped the pinouts of the NES expansion port.
Meanwhile, back in Japan, the disk system had become obsolete well before the Famicom's lifespan. Final Fantasy, released in 1987 on cartridge at 145KB, would not have even fit on a Famicom disk. I saw articles online that said by July of 1989
Konami had
released a 1-meg cartridge. However this was the MSX release of the game, a Japanese personal computer. The Famicom version still managed to be over a whopping 300kb though. Many publishers also did not release games on the FDS. The low price of the games meant even smaller revenue for the publishers and developers who were already paying Nintendo large licensing fees for the right to publish on the Famicom. The advantage of save state technology was often off set by the fact that games utilizing save states often took much longer to produce and develop than other games, and therefore were more costly. Some third party publishers that did release games on the FDS failed. The most prominent example is Squaresoft who spawned a spiff-off company along with a handful of smaller smaller partners called Disk Original Group (DOG) where they both published and released games for the FDS. In less than two years DOG went bankrupt. Had this venture been successful Final Fantasy would have almost certainly been released for the FDS. Almost certainty developed differently under a different name since Squaresoft might not have been in such dire straights.
By
1987 battery backed SRAM was finally a reality and we saw games on cartridges with save states for the first time. In fact, battery backed memory might have been engineered by Nintendo in order to solve the
save state problem. I was unable to find an earlier example of save states on a cartridge
based system or computer BIOS before the Legend of Zelda on the NES. If
you have any details or information on battery back memory storage in
general please email me! While battery save games were more expensive
to produce, this could often be off set by password systems. Metroid,
Castlevania, and Kid Icarus were all FDS releases that utilized save
states in their Japanese releases. The NES hardware was not originally designed with save states in mind. Battery backed save states in cartridges were almost certainly an afterthought. Games with save states would warn you to hold reset while turning off the system otherwise the NES' CPU would experience power spikes that potentially would write data at random locations, including the battery-powered registers
of the cartridge, overwriting and corrupting savegames in the process.
Holding RESET would send the CPU into a low-power state which would
prevent any power surge from overwriting any register. This issue was resolved in future Nintendo consoles.
I've never been really good at writing endings to long articles or papers, and I really didn't know where or when to end this article. The disk system ended up being a rabbit hole I couldn't find the bottom to. The history of the Disk System and NES are so multifaceted that it is difficult to write about it without writing about technology, politics, or marketing. I hope you find the article interesting or helpful. If you have anything you'd like to add please comment below or send me a line.
